无线通信原理与应用（第二版·英文版） (2009 年度畅销榜NO.2348 )

本书是一本大学无线通信课程的权威教材，面向那些已经熟悉诸如概率论、通信原理和基本电磁学等技术概念的学生和工程师。全书深入浅出地讨论了无线通信技术与系统设计方面的内容，包括无线网络涉及的所有基本问题，特别是3C系统和无线局域网的问题，并对无线网络技术新发展和全球主要的无线通信标准给出了论述。全书共分11章，集中讲述了蜂窝的概念、移动无线电传播、调制技术、多址技术以及无线系统与标准，结合理论对无线通信系统的各个方面做了精辟的论述和统计分析。全书语言生动、流畅，以详细的讲解和实际的例子来阐明重要的知识点，非常适合有一定通信理论基础的工程技术人员和在校相关专业的师生阅读。

1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1.2 Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.
1.3 Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
1.4 Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
1.5 Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
1.6 Problems

2 Modern Wireless Communication Systems
2.1 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
2.2 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
2.3 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS
2.4 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
2.5 Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
2.6 Summary
2.7 Problems

3 The Cellular Concept--System Design Fundamentals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Frequency Reuse
3.3 Channel Assignment strategies
3.4 Handoff Strategies
3.5 Interference and System Capacity
3.6 Trunking and Grade of Service
3.7 Improving Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems
3.8 Summary
3.9 Problems

4 Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
4.1 Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
4.2 Free Space Propagation Model
4.3 Relating Power to Electric Field
4.4 The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
4.5 Reflection
4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
4.7 Diffraction
4.8 Scattering
4.9 Practical Link Budget Design Using Path Loss Models
4.10 Outdoor Propagation Models
4.11 Indoor Propagation Models
4.12 Signal Penetration into Buildings
4.13 Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling
4.14 Problems

5 Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and Mnltipath
5.1 Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
5.2 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
5.3 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements
5.4 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
5.5 Types of Small~Scale Fading
5.6 Rayleigh and Ricean Distributions
5.7 Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels
5.8 Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels
5.9 Summary
5.10 Problems

6 Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio
6.1 Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
6.2 Amplitude Modulation
6.3 Angle Modulation
6.4 Digital Modulation--an Overview
6.5 Line Coding
6.6 Pulse Shaping Techniques
6.7 Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals
6.8 Linear Modulation Techniques
6.9 Constant Envelope Modulation
6.10 Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques
6.11 Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
6.12 Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels
6.13 Problems

7 Equalization, Diversity, and Channel Coding
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Equalization
7.3 Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
7.4 Equalizers in a Communications Receiver
7.5 Survey of Equalization Techniques
7.6 Linear Equalizers
7.7 Nonlinear Equalization
7.8 Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
7.9 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers
7.10 Diversity Techniques
7.11 RAKE Receiver
7.12 Interleaving
7.13 Fundamentals of Channel Coding
7.14 Block Codes and Finite Fields
7.15 Convolutional Codes
7.16 Coding Gain
7.17 Trellis Coded Modulation
7.18 Turbo Codes
7.19 Problems

8 Speech Coding
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of Speech Signals
8.3 Quantization Techniques
8.4 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
8.5 Frequency Domain Coding of Speech
8.6 Vocoders
8.7 Linear Predictive Coders
8.8 Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications
8.9 The GSM Codec
8.10 The USDC Codec
8.11 Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders
8.12 Problems

9 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
9.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
9.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
9.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
9.6 Packet Radio
9.7 Capacity of Cellular Systems
9.8 Problems

10 Wireless Networking
10.1 Introduction to Wireless Networks
10.2 Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks
10.3 Development of Wireless Networks
10.4 Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy
10.5 Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
10.6 Wireless Data Services
10.7 Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
10.8 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
10.9 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
10.10 An Example of SS7 -- Global Cellular Network Interoperability
10.11 Personal Communication Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs)
10.12 Protocols for Network Access
10.13 Network Databases
10.14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
10.15 Summary

11 Wireless Systems and Standards
11.1 AMPS and ETACS
11.2 United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136)
11.3 Global System for Mobile (GSM)
11.4 CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
11.5 CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
11.6 Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
11.7 PACS -- Personal Access Communication Systems
11.8 Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
11.9 Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
11.10 US PCS and ISM Bands
11.11 US Wireless Cable Television
11.12 Summary of Standards Throughout the World
11.13 Problems
APPENDICES
A Trunking Theory
A.1 Erlang B
A.2 ErlangC
B Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets
C Rate Variance Relationships for Shape Factor Theory
C.1 Rate Variance for Complex Voltage
C.2 Rate Variance for Power
C.3 Rate Variance for Envelope
D Approximate Spatial Autocovariance Function for Shape Factor Theory
E Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA
E.1 The Gaussian Approximation
E.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation (IGA)
E.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation (SEIGA)
F Q, erf & erfc Function
F.1 The Q-Function
F.2 The erf and erfc Function
G Mathematical Tables, Functions, and Transforms
H Abbreviations and Acronyms
I References
INDEX

The second edition of this text has been written to initiate the newcomer to wireless personal communications, one of the fastest growing fields in the engineering world. Technical concepts which are at the core of design, implementation, research, and invention of wireless communication systems are presented in an order that is conducive to understanding general concepts, as well as those specific to current and evolving wireless communication systems and standards. This text is based upon my experiences as an educator, researcher, technical trainer, and consultant, and continues to be modeled from an academic course first developed for electrical engineering students in 1990, when there were fewer than five million cellular subscribers worldwide. As we begin the 21st century, more than 600 million people, about 10% of the world's population, pay a monthly subscription for wireless telephone service, and this figure will approach 50% by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. This text Continues to evolve, and has been modified and updated since its first edition, making it a useful book for practicing engineers, as well as for researchers, graduate students, and undergraduate students. The text has been prepared to provide fundamental treatment about many practical and theoretical concepts that form the basis of wireless communications, and has been designed for easy but thorough treatment of vital material that all wireless practitioners must be comfortable with. I have tried to emphasize the technical concepts with worked example problems, and numerous, carefully crafted homework problems at the end of each chapter that are based on real-world industry issues. The second edition contains dozens of new homework problems and examples, as well as up-to-the minute technical details of the many emerging wireless standards throughout the world, making this book particularly useful for industry short-courses or state-of-the-art academic classroom use. References to journal articles are used liberally throughout this text to enable the interested reader to delve into additional reading that is always required to master any field. To support newcomers to the wireless field, and at the request of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), I have also prepared a low-cost two volume compendium of many of the original journal articles that first taught the fundamentals that are now used throughout the wireless industry this compendium series is a useful, but not required, supplement to this text. Whether you intend to use this book for individual study, or for classroom use, or for use as a handbook, this text has been written as a complete, self-contained teaching and reference book. The numerous examples and problems found throughout the text have been provided to help the reader solidify the material. This book has been designed for the student or practicing engineer who is already familiar with technical concepts such as probability, communication theory, and basic electromagnetics. However, like the wireless communications industry itself, this book combines material from many different technical disciplines, so it is unlikely that any one person will have had introductory courses for all of the topics covered. To accommodate a wide range of backgrounds, important concepts throughout the text are developed from first principles, so that readers learn the foundations of wireless communications. This approach makes it possible to use this book as a handbook or as a useful teaching tool in a classroom setting. The material and chapter sequence in this text have been adapted from an entry-level graduate course which I first taught in 1991 at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Chapter 1 demonstrates the historic evolution of the wireless communications industry, and the evolution of wireless systems from first generation analog to second generation (2G) digital systems. Chapter 1 also documents the rapid early growth of cellular radio throughout the world and provides a state of the industry in the mid 1990s. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the major modem wireless communication systems of the 21st century, such as third generation (3G), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS), and Bluetooth. Chapter 2 causes the reader to see how wireless networks are beginning to penetrate our daily lives for data and multimedia applications, as well as voice service. Chapter 3 covers fundamental cellular radio concepts such as frequency reuse and handoff, which are at the core of providing wireless communication service to subscribers on the move using limited radio spectrum. Chapter 3 also demonstrates the principal of tmnking efficiency, and how tmnking and interference issues between mobiles and base stations combine to affect the overall capacity of cellular systems. Chapter 4 presents radio propagation path loss, link-budgets, and log-normal shadowing, and describes different ways to model and predict the large-scale effects of radio propagation in many operating environments. Chapter 5 covers small-scale propagation effects such as fading, time delay spread, and Doppler spread, and describes how to measure and model the impact that signal bandwidth and motion have on the instantaneous received signal through the multipath channel. Radio wave propagation has historically been the most difficult problem to analyze and design for, since unlike a wired communication system which has a constant, stationary transmission channel (i.e., a wired path), radio channels are random and undergo shadowing and multipath fading, particularly when one of the terminals is in motion. New material in Chapter 5 also teaches a fundamental and new way of modeling spatial-temporal channels, which is vital for the development of smart antennas and position location systems. Chapter 6 provides extensive coverage of the most common analog and digital modulation techniques used in wireless communications and demonstrates tradeoffs that must be made in selecting a modulation method. Issues such as receiver complexity, modulation and demodulation implementation, bit error rate analysis for fading channels, and spectral occupancy are presented. Channel coding, adaptive equalization, and antenna diversity concepts are presented in Chapter 7. In portable radio systems where people communicate while walking or driving, these methods may be used individually or in tandem to improve the quality (that is, reduce the bit error rate) of digital mobile radio communications in the presence of fading and noise. Chapter 8 provides an introduction to speech coding. In the past decade, there has been remarkable progress in decreasing the needed data rate of high quality digitized speech, which enables wireless system designers to match end-user services to network architectures. Principles which have driven the development of adaptive pulse code modulation and linear predictive coding techniques are presented, and how these techniques are used to evaluate speech quality in existing and proposed cellular, cordless, and personal communication systems are discussed. Chapter 9 introduces time, frequency, and code division multiple access, as well as more recent multiple access techniques such as packet reservation and space division multiple access. Chapter 9 also describes how each access method can accommodate a large number of mobile users and demonstrates how multiple access impacts capacity and the network infrastructure of a cellular system. Chapter 10 describes networking considerations for wide area wireless communication systems, and presents practical networking approaches that are in use or have been proposed for future wireless systems. Chapter 11 unites all of the material from the first nine chapters by describing and comparing the major existing second generation (2G) cellular, cord less, and personal communication systems throughout the world. The tradeoffs made in the design and implementation of wireless personal communications systems are illuminated in this final chapter. The compilation of the major wireless standards makes Chapter 11 particularly useful as a single source of information for a wide range of wireless systems that are commercially deployed today. Appendices which cover trunking theory, noise figure, noise calculations, and the Gaussian approximation for spread spectrum code division systems provide details for those interested in solving many practical wireless communications problems. The appendices also include hundreds of mathematical formulas and identities for general engineering work. I have attempted to place numerous useful items in the appendices, so that this text may be easily used by students or practicing engineers to solve a wide range of problems that may be outside the scope of the immediate text. For industry use, Chapters 1-5, 9, and 11 will benefit working engineers in the cellular/ PCS system design and radio frequency (RF) deployment, operations, and maintenance areas. Chapters 1, 2, 6-8, and 11 are tailored for modem designers and digital signal processing (DSP) engineers new to wireless: Chapters 1, 2, 10, and 11 should have broad appeal to network operators and managers, business and legal professionals, as well as working engineers. To use this text at the undergraduate level, the instructor may wish to concentrate on Chapters 1--6, or Chapters 1-5, and 9, leaving the other chapters for treatment in a second semester undergraduate course or a graduate level course. Alternatively, traditional undergraduate courses on communications or network theory may find in Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 useful material that can be inserted easily into the standard curriculum. In using this text at the graduate level, I have been successful in covering most of the material in Chapters 14 and 10 during a standard half-year semester and Chapters 7-11 in a follow-on graduate course. In Chapters 2, 10, and 11, I have attempted to cover important but rarely compiled information on practical network implementations and worldwide standards. Without the help and ingenuity of several former graduate students, this text could not have been written. I am pleased to acknowledge the help and encouragement of Rias Muhamed, Varun Kapoor, Kevin Saldanha, and Anil Doradla--students I met in class while teaching an early version of the course Cellular Radio and Personal Communications, as well as my friend and former doctoral student, Greg Durgin. Kevin Saldanha also provided camera-ready copy for the first edition of this text (which turned out to be no small task!). The assistance of these students in compiling and editing materials for several chapters of this text was invaluable, and they were a source of constant encouragement throughout the project. Others who offered helpful suggestions, and whose research efforts are reflected in portions of this text, include Scott Seidel, Joe Liberti, Dwayne Hawbaker, Marty Feuerstein, Yingie Li, Ken Blackard, Victor Fung, Weifang Huang, Prabhakar Koushik, Orlando Landron, Francis Dominique, Greg Bump, and Bert Thoma. Zhigang Rong, Jeff Laster, Michael Buehrer, Keith Brafford, and Sandip Sandhu also provided useful suggestions and helpful reviews of early drafts. For the second edition, I also express my sincere gratitude to Hao Xu, Roger Skidmore, Paulo Cardieri, Greg Durgin, Kristen Funk, Ben Henty, Neal Patwari, and Aurelia Scharnhorst who have helped me greatly in preparing added material. This text benefits greatly from practical input provided by several industry reviewers. Roman Zaputowycz of Bell Atlantic Mobile Systems, Mike Bamburak of McCaw Communications, David McKay of Ortel, Jihad Hermes of PrimeCo, Robert Rowe of Ariel Communications, William Gardner of Qualcomm, John Snapp of AT&T Wireless, and Jim Durcan of Comcast Cellular provided extremely valuable input as to what materials were most important, and how they could best be presented for students and practicing engineers. Marty Feuerstein of Metawave and Mike Lord of Cellular One provided comprehensive reviews which have greatly improved the manuscript. Larry Sakayama of Agilent Technologies, Professor Philip DiPiazza of Florida Institute of Technology, and Jeff Stosser of Triplecom, Inc. provided valuable reviews of the new material in the second edition. The technical staff at Wireless Valley Communications, Inc. also provided feed-back and practical suggestions during the development of this text. From the academic perspective, a number of faculty in the wireless communications field provided useful suggestions which I readily incorporated. These reviewers include Prof. J. Keith Townsend of North Carolina State University, Prof. William H. Tranter of Virginia Tech, and Prof. Thomas Robertazzi of State University of New York. Professors Jeffrey Reed and Brian Woerner of Virginia Tech also provided excellent recommendations from a teaching perspective. I am grateful for the invaluable Contributions from all of these individuals. Also, I wish to thank the numerous faculty, students, and practicing engineers from around the world, who continue to provide me with valuable feedback and suggestions, and who are using this book in their class- rooms, short courses, and everyday work life. I am pleased to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the many sponsors and friends who have supported my research and educational activities in wireless communications since 1988. It is from the excellent faculty at Purdue University, particularly my advisor, the late Clare D. McGillem, that I formally learned about communications and how to build a research program. I consider myself fortunate to have been one of the many graduate students who was stimulated to pursue a dual career in engineering and education upon graduation from Purdue. Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge my family and students, as well as Bernard Goodwin of Prentice Hall, who commissioned this work and helped me bring this text to you.