本书是模拟集成电路设计课的一本经典教材。全书共分5个部分。主要介绍了模拟集成电路设计的背景知识、基本MOS半导体制造工艺、CMOS技术、CMOS器件建模，MOS开关、MOS二极管、有源电阻、电流阱和电流源等模拟CMOS分支电路，以及反相器、差分放大器、共源共栅放大器、电流放大器、输出放大器等CMOS放大器的原理、特性、分析方法和设计，CM0S运算放大器、高性能CMOS运算放大器、\r\n\r\n比较器，开关电容电路、D／A和A／D变换器等CMOS模拟系统的分析方法、设计和模拟等内容。\r\n\r\n 该书可作为高等学校电子工程、微电子学、计算机科学、电机工程与应用电子技术等专业的的教科书，以及有关专业的选修课教材或研究生教材、教学参考书；也可作为在职的模拟集成电路设计工程师或与模拟集成电路设计有关的工程师的进修教材或工程设计参考书。\r\n
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第1章 前言和背景知识 \r\n\r\n Introduction and Background \r\n\r\n 第2章 CMOS技术 \r\n\r\n CMOS Technology \r\n\r\n 第3章 CMOS器件建模 \r\n\r\n CMOS Device Modeling \r\n\r\n 第4章 CMOS分支电路 \r\n\r\n Analog CMOS Subcircuits \r\n\r\n 第5章 CMOS放大器 \r\n\r\n CMOS Amplifiers \r\n\r\n 第6章 CMOS运算放大器 \r\n\r\n CMOS Operational Amplifiers \r\n\r\n 第7章 高性能CMOS运算放大器 \r\n\r\n High-Performance CMOS Op Amps \r\n\r\n 第8章 比较器 \r\n\r\n Comparators \r\n\r\n 第9章 开关电容电路 \r\n\r\n Switched Capacitor Circuits \r\n\r\n 第10章 数字—模拟和模拟—数字变换器 \r\n\r\n Digital-Analog and Analog-Digital Converters \r\n
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The objective of the second edition of this book contiues to be to teach the design of CMOS analog circuits. The teaching of design reaches far beyond giving examples of circuits and showing analysis methods. It includes the necessary fundamentals and background but must apply them in a hierarchical manner that the novice can understand. Probably of most importance is to teach the concepts of designing analog integrated circuits in the context of CMOS technology. These concepts enable the reader to understand the operation of an analog CMOS circuit and to know how to change its performance. With today's computer-oriented thinking, it is vital to maintain personal control of a design, to know what to expect, and to discern when simulation results may be misleading. As integrated circuits become more complex, it is crucial to know "how the circuit works; Simulating a circuit without the understanding of how it works can lead to disastrous results.
How does the reader acquire the knowledge of how a circuit works? The answer to this question has been the driving motivation of the second edition of this text. There are several important steps in this process. The first is to leam to analyze the circuit. This analysis should produce simple results that can be understood and reapplied in different circumstances. The second is to view analog integrated circuit design from a hierarchical viewpoint. This means that the designer is able to visualize how subcircuits are used to torm circuits. how simple circuits are used to build complex circuits. and so forth. The third step is to set forth procedures that will help the new designer come up with working designs. This has resulted in the inclusion of many "design recipes.'" which became popular with the first edition and have been expanded in the second edition. It is important that the designer realize that there are simply
three outpats of the electrical design of CMOS analog circuits. They are ( l ) a schematic of the circuit, (2) dc cuments. and (3) W/L ratios. Most design Hows or "'recipes" can be organized around these three outputs very easily.
Fifteen years ago. it was not clear what importance CMOS technology would have on analog circuits. However. it has become very clear that CMOS technology has become the technology of choice for analog circuit design in a mixed-signal environment. This "choice" is not necessarily that of the designer but of industry treods that want to use standard technologies to implement analog circuits along with digital circuits. As a result, the first edition of CMOS Analog Circuit Design fulfilled a need for a text in this area before there were any other texts on this subject. It has found extensive use to industry and has been used in classrooms all over the world. Like the first edition, the second edition has also chosen not to include BJT technology. The wisdom of this choice will be seen as the years progress. The second edition has been developed with the goal of extending the strengths of the first edition namely in the area of analog circuit design insight and concepts. '
The second edition has been a long time in coming but has resulted in a unique blending of industry and academia. This blending has occumed over the past 15 years in short courses taught by the first author. Over 50 shoh courses have been taught from the first edition to over 1500 engineers all over the world. In these shon courses, the engineers demanded to understand the concepts and insight to designing analog CMOS circuits, and much of the response to these demands has been included in the second edition. In addition to the industrial input to the second edition, the authors have taught this material at Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Texas at Austin over the past 10-l5 years. This experience has provided insight that has been included in the second edition from the viewpoint of students and their questions. Also, the academic application of this material has resulted in a large body of problems that have been given as tests and have now been included in the second edition. The first edition had 335 problems. The second edition has over 500 problems, and most of those are new to the second edition.
The audience for the second edition is essentially the same as for the first edition. The first edition was very useful to those beginning a career in CMOS analog design-many of whom have communicated to the authors that the text has been a ready reference in their daily work. The second edition should continue to be of value to both new and experienced engineers in industry. The principles and concepts discussed should never become outdated even though technology changes.
The second audience is the classroom. The output of qualified students to enter the field of analog CMOS design has not met the demand from industry. Our hope is that the second edition will provide both instructors and students with a tool Ihat will help fulfill this demand. In order to .help facilitate this objective, both authors maintain websites that permit the downloading of short course lecture slides, short course schedules and dates, class notes, and problems and solutions in pdf format. More informatioo can be found at www.aicdesign.org (P.E. Allen) and www.holberg.org (D.R. Holberg). These sites are continually updated, and the reader or instructor is invited to make use of the information and teaching aides contained on these sites.
The second edition has received extensive changes. These changes include the moving of Chapter 4 of the first edition to Appendix B of the second edition. The comparator chapter of the first edition was before the op amp chapters and has been moved to after the op amp chapters. In the 15 years since the first edition, the comparator has become more like a sense amplifier and less like an op amp without compensation. A major change has been the in corporation of Chapter 9 on switched capacitor circuits. There are two reasons for this. Switched capacitors are very important in analog circuits and systems design, and this information is needed for many of the analog-digital and digital-analog converters of Chapter 10. Chapter 11 of the first edition has been dropped. There were plans to replace it with a chapter on analog systems including phase-locked loops and VCOs, but time did not allow this to be realized. The problems of the second edition are organized into sections and have been designed to reinforce and extend the concepts and principles associated with a particular topic.
The hierachical organization of the second edition is illustrated in Table I . I -2. Chapter l presents the material necessary to introduce CMOS analog circuit design. This chapter gives an overview of the subject of CMOS analog circuit design, defines notation and convention, makes a brief survey of analog signal processing, and gives an example of analog CMOS design with emphasis on the hierarchial aspect of the design. Chapters 2 and 3 form the basis for analog CMOS design by covering the subjects of CMOS technology and modeling. Chapter 2 reviews CMOS technology as applied to MOS devices, pn junctions, passive components compatible with CMOS technology, and other components such as the lateral and sabstrate BJT and latchnp. This chapter also ineludes a section on the impact of integrated circuit layout. This poHion of the text shows that the physical design of the integrated circuit is as important as the electrical design, and many good electrical designs can be ruined by poor physical design or layout. Chapter 3 introduces the key subjea of modeling, which is used throughout the remainder of the text to predict the performance of CMOS circuits. The focus of this chapter is to introduce a model that is good enough to pfedict date performance of a CMOS circuit to within IO% to 20% and will allow the designer insight and understanding. Comouler simulation can be used to more exactly model the circuits but will not give any direct insight or understanding of the circuit. The models in this chapter include! dte-MOSFET large-signal and small-signal models. including frequency dependence. In addition, how to model the noise and temperature dependence of MOSFETs and compatible passive elements is shown. This chapter also discnsses computer simalation models. This topic is far too complex for the scope of this book, but some of the basic ideas are presented so that the reader can appreciate computer simulation models. Other models for the subthreshold operation ale presented along with how to use SPICE for computer simulation of MOSFET circuits.
Chapters 4 and 5 represent the topics of subcircuits and amplifiers that will be used to design more complex analog circuits. such as an op amp. Chapter 4 covers the use of ale MOSFET as a switch followed by the MOS diode or active resistor. The key subcircuits of current sinks/sources and current mirrors are presented next. These subcircuits permit the illustration of impoHant design concepts such as negative feedback, design tradeoffs, and matching principles. Finally. this chapter presents independent voltage and current references and the bandgap voltage reference. These references attempt to provide a voltage or current that is independent of power sapply and temperatare. Chapter 5 develops various types of amfllifiers. These amplifiers are characterized from their large-signal and small-signal performance, including noise and bandwidth where appropriate. The categories of amplifiers include the invener, differential, cascode, current, and output amplifiers. The last section discusses how high-gain amplifiers could be implemented from the amplifier blocks of this chapter.
Chapters 6, 7, and 8 represent examples of complex analog circuits. Chapter 6 introduces the design of a simple two-stage op amp. This op amp is used to develop the principles of compensation necessary for the op amp to be useful. The two-stage op amp is used to formally present methods of designing this type of analog circuit. This chapter also examines the design of the cascode op amps. particularly the folded-cascode op amp. This chapter concludes with a discussion of techniques to measare and/or simulate op amps and macromodels.
Macromodels can be used to more efficiently simulate op amps at higher levels of abstraction.
Chapter 7 presents the subject of high-performance op amps. In this chapter various performances of the simple op amp are optimized, quite often at the expense of other performance aspects. The topics include buffered output op amps. high-frequency op amps, differential output op amps, low-power op amps, low-noise op amps, and low-voltage op amps. Chapter_8 presents the open-loop comparator, which is an op amp without compensation. This is followed by methods of designing this type of comparator for linear or slewing responses.
Methods of improving the performance of open-loop comparators, including autozeroing and hysteresis, are presented. Finally, this chapter describes regenerative comparators and how they can be combined with low-gain, high-speed amplifiers to achieve comparators wial a very shon propagation time delay.
Chapters 9 and 10 focus on analog systems. Chapter 9 is completely new and presents the topic of switched capacitor circuits. The concepts of a switched capacitor are presented along with such circuits as the switched capacitor amplifier and integrator. Methods of analyzing and simulating switched capacitor circuits are given, and first-order and second-order switched capacitor circuits are used to design various filters using cascade and ladder approaches. Chapter 9 concludes with anti-aliasing filters, which are required by all switched capacitor circuits. Chapter 10 covers the topics of CMOS digital-analog and analog-digital converters. Digital-analog converters are presented according to their means of scaling the reference and include voltage, current, and charge digital-analog conveners. Next, met}lo(Is of extending the resolution of digital-analog conveners are given. The analog-digital conveners are divided into Nyquist and oversampling converters. The Nyquist converters are presented according to their speed of operation-slow, medium and fast. Finally, the subject of oversampled analog-digital and digital-analog conveners is presented. These converters allow high resolution and are very compatible with CMOS technology.
Three appendices cover the topics of circuit analysis methods for CMOS analog circuits, CMOS device characterization (this is essentially chapter 4 of the first edition), and time and frequency domain relationships for second-order systems.
The material of the second edition is more than sufficient for a l5-week course. Depending upon the background of the students, a 3-hour-per-week, 15-week-semester course could include parts of Chapters 2 and 3, Chapters 4 through 6, parts of Chapter 7, and Chapter 8. Chapter 9 and 10 could be used as part of the material for a course on analog systems. At Georgia Tech, this text is used along with the fourth edition of Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits in a two-semester course that covers both BJT and CMOS analog IC design. Chapters 9 and IO are used for about 70% of a semester course on analog IC systems design. "
The background necessary for this text is a good understanding of basic electronics. Topics of importance include large-signal models, biasing, small-signal models, frequency response, feedback, and op amps. It would also be helpful to have a good background in semicondactor devices and how they operate, integrated circuit processing, simulation using SPICE, and modeling of MOSFETs. With this background, the reader could start at Chapter 4 with little problem.
The authors would like to express their appreciation and gratitude to the many individuals who have contributed to the development of the second edition. These include both undergraduate and graduate students who have used the first edition and offered comments, suggestions, and corrections. It also includes the over 1500 industrial participants who, over the last 15 years, have attended a one-week course on this topic. We thank them for their encouragement, patience, and suggestions. We also appreciate the feedback and corrections from many individuals in industry and academia worldwide, The input from those who have read and used the preliminary edition is greatly appreciated. In particular, the author would like to thank Tom DiCiacomo, Babak Amini, and Michael Hackner for providing useful feedback on the new edition. The authors gratefully acknowledge the patience and encouragement of Peter Gordon, Executive Editor of Engineering, Science and Computer Science of Oxford University Press during the development of the second edition and the firm but gentle shepherding of the second edition through the production phase by the project editor, Justin Collins. Lastly, 81e assistance of Marge Boehme in helping with detail work associated with the preparation and teaching of the second edition is greatly appreciated.
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